Managing workplace diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Overseeing working environment decent variety - Essay Example It is obvious from the examination that for the most recent decades, the term assorted variety has been utilized to mean the â€Å"demographic constitution of a specific gathering or team†. In trial examines, the assorted variety of a group is typically decided utilizing compositional strategy, which centers around how segment qualities, for example, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age among others are appropriated inside the group. Evaluation of decent variety in work environment involves assurance of the degree in which individuals are comparative or not at all like each other. As per Caleb, decent variety speaks to the various individual differences existing among individuals specifically association. In investigations of decent variety in working environments, different qualities of representatives have been end up being of basic significance in the current administration rehearses. They incorporate sex, ethnicity, length of administration in the specific association, zones of specialization and aptitudes, level of instruction, social qualities notwithstanding character of the person. The substance of assorted variety in working environments has been a subject of many examination contemplates. Aparna and Susan arranged the substance of decent variety into two classifications, to be specific assignment and relations situated. Relations arranged assorted variety includes the accessibility of characteristics or qualities that are persuasive in deciding relational affiliations. In typical conditions, relations arranged decent variety doesn't have direct perceptible consequences for the presentation of undertakings (Aparna and Susan, 2000: 60). Mike (2004: 157) consider relations situated assorted variety as the social - classification decent variety. Errand arranged assorted variety is the appropriation of the exhibition important characteristics. Instances of properties that are bound to be relationship-situated assorted variety incorporate age, sex, rac e, ethnicity, religion, political affiliation, sexual direction and nationality. These qualities are promptly indentified or perceived in a specific setting (Caleb, 2006). Other relationship arranged qualities are not promptly identified in working environment setting. They incorporate sex, mentalities, values, character, racial and ethnic personality, sexual and class character among other social personalities. Errand situated decent variety properties in the work place incorporate promptly recognized characteristics, for example, training level, enrollment to an association or division, relationship with proficient bodies, formal qualifications and titles notwithstanding association residency. Be that as it may, some undertaking focused decent variety traits are not self-evident, or effortlessly identified. They incorporate information and mastery, subjective aptitudes and capacities, notwithstanding physical abilities and limits (Aparna and Susan 2000: 201). Exploration on execut ion of representatives in a multicultural foundation demonstrates that assorted groups perform uniquely in contrast to homogenous gatherings (Kreitner and Kinicki 1995:72) Although the specific instruments that cause the uniqueness in execution stay theoretical, different existing speculations give achievable clarification to the distinction.

Robert Preston Taylor essays

Robert Preston Taylor papers Robert Preston Taylor assumed a significant job in the Korean War. He was one of not many survivors, and furthermore a saint. Taylor had such incredible confidence in God that he had the option to endure the torment he persevered. He clutched his confidence and educated everyone around him how to confide in God. The Korean War was a contention among socialists and non-socialists. Before the finish of World War II, Korea was separated into North and South Korea. The Korean War had been really taking shape for quite a long while. There didn't appear to be any way that North Korea and South Korea could even join with one government. In May 1941, the troop transport USAT Washington cruised into Manila Bay, Philippines. Preston Taylor, a minister lieutenant in the Army Air Corps, was on board that transport. Taylor began having faith gatherings for the soldiers. He immediately turned into their companion. At 4:30 one morning after administrations, Taylor was informed that Pearl Harbor has been besieged and General MacArthur had requested all Philippines Army Units into deployment ready. Taylor's unit was sent to Bataan. They took on a wicked conflict yet couldn't hold off the Japanese and needed to give up. The Americans were dealt with severely, beaten, slaughtered and held without food and water. At that point started the Death March. Taylor persevered through three and one-half long periods of being a Prisoner of war. He endure the Bataan Death March, the Cabanatuan jail camp and the boats that moved him to Japan. Clergyman Taylor worked broadly in the camp emergency clinics endeavoring to comfort the wiped out and biting the dust (Arlington News). Through the entirety of his torment, yearning, and agony, his confidence in God propped him up. He was one in just 497 overcomers of the first 1619 detainees to arrive at Japan. Taylor was encircled by movement, tormented by seeing his individual man's corruption and ambushed In the entirety of his faculties by an anguished refinement of viciousness, for example, he had never accepted conceivable (Keith back fold). On June 25, 1950, North Korea attacked South Korea. The United Nations ... <!

ISTE 2017 Finding Your Way

ISTE 2017 Finding Your Way (0) Each summer, thousands of educators from around the world come together for the premiere event in edtech known as ISTE. I distinctly remember my first time attending ISTE many years ago in San Antonio, Texas. As a part of a group of 6 educators from my school district, I was excited to explore the new and innovative practices that I knew would be waiting for me. Truly, I had no idea what was in store for me. The connections, the ideas, the innovation… it was overwhelming. As I get ready for this summer’s return to Texas, I have taken some time to reflect on what I’ve learned as an attendee and offer up the following ten items for your consideration if you are planning a trip to ISTE at the end of June.  Wear comfortable shoes The San Antonio convention center is huge and you’ll do a lot of walking making comfortable shoes a must.  Plan your days ISTE has so much to see and so many ways to connect with ideas and other people. In order to take advantage of all there is to offer, you have to prioritize. In the days leading up to the conference, take a look at what’s offered and plan accordingly. Remember that you can’t see everything, so make choices that will serve you well when you return home. Figure out where the sessions you want to attend are and know where it is that you want to go so you don’t spend valuable time wandering lost. You will definitely have to make decisions about how to spend your time and thoughtful planning can help with that. Be strategic about what you want to learn and find those sessions that will help you.  Select a backup session As you’re planning your time, chances are you’ll find that there are multiple sessions in any one time slot that you might want attend. Be sure to have a backup session to go to in case your first choice is full. There are thousands of other educators at ISTE right along with you. If you’re interested in a session, chances are someone else is, and, try as they might, the conference committee charged with the planning of the event cannot fully predict what will fill up and what won’t.  Visit the playgrounds One of the great learning opportunities that ISTE provides are playgrounds that are put together to give you multiple opportunities around a given topic. These playgrounds are typically hands on with presenters talking to small groups of people. They give you the opportunity to ask questions and learn from their experiences. Whether you’re interested in Google, creativity, librarianship, virtual worlds or a multitude of other topics, playgrounds will give you a ton of ideas from other educators who are doing the work right now. Keep in mind that this is a drop in session and not something that you would need to block off the entire time to participate in.  Don’t forget the poster sessions Poster sessions are meant to give educators the opportunity to have a more casual learning experience by setting up booths to wander through and learn about projects and ideas that others are doing in their schools. As another drop in session, poster sessions differ in that you have the opportunity to really engage in conversation with the presenters and see what others are doing around the world. I’ve â€" discovered some of my best classroom ideas from poster sessions and know that there’s something there for everyone.  Download the app The ISTE Conference app is a wealth of information and will keep you updated throughout your time in San Antonio. Use it to plan your schedule and find those first, second and third choices for sessions that you want to attend.  Abide by the “Rule of Two Feet” If you get into a session and it’s not what you thought it would be or you feel like you would be better served by attending something else, get up and leave. This is a time for you to be selfish because you are there to learn for you. The speaker is there to share what they are doing and if it doesn’t fit for you then find a session that does.  Explore the Exhibit Hall One of the most fabulously daunting areas of ISTE is the Exhibit Hall where vendors and organizations come together to showcase their products and teach you about what’s new and exciting in the world of edtech. It’s a massive maze of people who are eager to tell you about what’s new with their products and many even have teaching booths where they will give you tips and tricks about how to use their tools. This should definitely be a part of your overall plan.  Leave space in your suitcase As you explore the Exhibit Hall, you’ll be treated to lots of swag from lots of companies. From t-shirts to bags, pens to water bottles, when you walk out you’ll definitely have some stuff to take with you. I know some people who have brought an extra bag just to take stuff home.  Take time to connect Even with all of the tips above, the best advice I can offer about attending an ISTE conference is to not be afraid to strike up a conversation with others. This is the largest gathering of those interested in edtech on the planet and everyone is there for the same reason. They want to learn and connect in order to make their schools and classrooms better places. Don’t miss an opportunity to make a new friend. You may even end up collaborating on a project at some point, but regardless, you’ll learn about what others are doing and bring those ideas home with you. If this is your first (or tenth) ISTE conference, I would encourage you to take these tips to heart and be mindful of your experience. San Antonio is a wonderful venue for this learning opportunity and I hope you find it as fulfilling as I have over the years. And if you see me walking around, be sure to say hi. I’d love to chat about all the amazing stuff that’s happening in your schools and classrooms. Bill Bass will be a part of a variety of sessions at the 2017 ISTE Conference including Empowerment and Expertise: Future Ready Librarians Are Leading and Creating a Data Dashboard with Google Spreadsheets. See here for more details of where to find him.

The differing stages of development in organizations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1470 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? First stage of strategic planning is mission statement in which company explains its future planning about business. While writing the mission statement of the company it must be kept the following points in its mind. They should state clearly what they are doing now and what will do in future. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The differing stages of development in organizations" essay for you Create order Mission statement must always be in positive sense. To give a fair review of whole project or business the company should explain the business in small pieces in its mission statement. While developing the strategic planning company should explain its objectives. In which ways the company going to achieve its aims. For example if a garment manufacturer has aim to capture overseas market with his garments then his objective is must to create good relation with overseas suppliers, arrange research work to find out the customers requirements and also required to find out a suit able place for overseas head office. Goals: After collecting the necessary data the purpose of the strategic plan is to setting goals for the company based on mission and vision statements. A goal must be described to achieve within time limits it may be for long term and may be for short term time span. A company or group of companies should start by achieving the short term goals then move to medium term and then long term goals. Action plan: Every business want to go quickly from down to boom. This is the process where company prepare action plans to achieve its goals. To make its action plans more effective it is necessary for company to arrange the goals first and list them according to their importance Q-3 SWOT ANALYSIS OF ZARA Zara: Zara is one the largest fashion companies, it is the subsidiary of Inditex the group of companies and established in 1979. It has a big range of clothing retail store for men, women and children, Zaras a large number of stores in main cities of Europe, America and Asia shows the success of the Zara all over the world. Zaras motive to provide fashionable, trendy designs at reasonable prices. Zara introduces the latest trends and fashions in the market before their competitors that makes it more successful among a big range of people, cultures and generations in presence of large number of competitors in the market. What is Audit? Audit is an assessment of an organization mostly in terms of policies, procedures, system and production. Basically audit is performed to assess to organizations compatibility with standard operating procedures which are pre defined for the smooth and reliable working of an organization. So an organizational audit process starts from planning that how to conduct audit what would be its scope then it moves towards fieldwork which include practical checking of samples which are taken for the purpose of audit, when fieldwork is completed then 3rd stage comes which is reporting which includes findings of audit, and the last step of organizational audit process is follow-up, which is done for the purpose of rectification of finding of audit. SWOT Analysis: SWOT analysis is used to identify and analyze those factors which play a critical role in achieving the organizational objectives which may be external and internal. Basically SWOT stands for following: Strengths: Includes the overall characteristics or achievements portfolio of a company which distinguishes it from other competitors in terms of profitability, market share and brand worthiness. Weaknesses: Includes those characteristics of a company which place disadvantage to it as compared to its competitors. Opportunities: Includes those unveiled external chances which if availed they can boost companys profitability and sales. Threats: Includes all those external elements in business environment which can adversely affect the business. Importance of SWOT in organizational audit Process of Zara: In this assignment I have tried to show the importance of SWOT analysis for Zara a clothing company I have identified and discusses the strengths / weakness of the company and examined the opportunities and threats it may face with reference to is importance in audit process. Basically SWOT analysis is used by companies to access and evaluate the industry and to make and developed strategic policies in order to remain competitive in market. Importance of SWOT in audit process of ZARA is critical as SWOT highlights the key internal and external areas where Zara is doing business. SWOT analysis is used in decision making process, as SWOT indicates the loop holes and strengths of company so it helps a lot in audit process Strengths: Following are the Zaras Strengths Targeting the major market segments Zara is a trend setter not trend follower Strong experienced Marketing Team High Brand recognition Enjoying high reputation in market High quality products Marketing strategies Wide network of stores all over the world Market demand in all seasons Weaknesses: Following are the Zaras Weakness. Prices are relatively high as compared to its competitors. High cost of production. Not much famous brand. Opportunities: Following are the main Opportunities to Zara Growth of internet leads to increase in number of customers who wants to buy online New Emerging markets. Opportunities to expand business in Asia Threats: Following are the potential threats to Zara from external Factors. Rapid change in fashion trends Rising production costs can affect the profitability of Zara. Network Breakdown in distribution causes much more disturbance Launch of new affordable luxury items by competitors on relatively cheaper prices Q-4 POTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL OF ZARA: According to porters five forces model there are five forces that determine industry attractiveness and long run profitability of industry. Following are the five forces of porters model Threats of new entrants. Bargaining powers of suppliers Bargaining powers of Buyers Industry competitors Threats of substitutes Threats of New Entrants Porters five forces model Bargaining powers of suppliers Bargaining Powers of Buyers Industry competitors Threats of Substitutes Threats of new entrant: The threat of new entries depend on barriers to entry, low barriers high entries, high barriers low entries. Higher the entry in the market, more competition in the market. Due to a good brand name and quality products Zara have no threats from new entries if there any new company come to the market that will take some time to make its place in the market but Zara has some threats from existing competitors i: e Next and Marks and Spencers, Zara must to improve its product quality and need to provide good customer services to its customers to retain its market in presence of such a big competitors. Bargaining powers of suppliers: The term suppliers comprise all type of inputs thats required to provide a good customer services. Supplier bargain power will high if the number of Zaras suppliers are low and vice versa. Zara has no threat from clothing suppliers because it has a large number of clothing suppliers but If Zara need skilled labor then there is some threat from suppliers of skilled labor. Bargaining powers of Buyers: In this part of porters industrial model we will discuss about the power of bargain of buyers. If we see in context of Zara in the retail business then we can see that the bargain power of buyers is very strong in this type of market. Any company does not know exactly what customers choice is. Most of the time customers are not agree to with the price on the tags. Customers dont want to pay high prices but still insisting for some better quality products. In all these situations management of Zara need some refined strategic plans to overcome all these problems and try to make maximum of their customers satisfy. Zara got a big brand name, so if Zara cut its price of some products then it could be able to attract most of the customers and could be able to retain them. Industry Competitors: If we see the retail industry market then there is a perfect competition in the market. Basically Zara deals with clothing industry market and if we see the clothing industry market in UK then there are a huge number of retailers in market and in this situation Zara need perfect strategic plans to stay in Market. Zara needs not only its existing customers but needs to attract new customers from the market to survive. Threat of substitute: A threat of substitute is exits if there is an alternative product is available on low prices. In this situation Zara can improve its range of products with high quality if it seems difficult for company then Zara should marginally reduced its prices to capture the customer market in presence of product substitute. But some people may brand conscious and they may not ready to buy other alternative goods even on low prices. And as Zara is trend setter not a trend follower may they introduce new trend in clothing to survive in clothing market.

Mixed Race History The Color of Water - 1405 Words

One aspect of Oralia’s life that struck me as quite different was her families quick acceptance of her future husband Julio Peralta. Based on history and individuals discussed throughout the course and Julio’s different background, I expected more opposition from her family. As we have seen throughout the course, acceptance of a spouse with a different look or complexion has not always been so easily accepted by families. For instance, we can again refer back to the case of Rachel in The Color of Water who was shunned by her family and even forgotten about due to her intimate relationships with African Americans throughout her life. Some could argue that perhaps Julio’s acceptance by Oralia’s Mother, Father, and family could have been due†¦show more content†¦In fact, many reading throughout this course have taught us that couples have often received scrutiny for their relationships, have been forgotten or abandoned by their families, have been p ut in jail, or in really extreme situations have been put to death by engaging in relationships with individuals without a similar background, race, or complexion. When conducting my interview I have taken into consideration that America is no longer the country it was once in terms of racial discrimination, but through my own experiences I’ve learned that although we have made many strives in the direction of a post-racial America often we as Americans often still exhibit some forms prejudice towards certain individuals. This is why this struck me as quite contrary to history. Oralia states throughout her marriage she never received any negative opposition from society or had any negative experiences because of her marriage. Many reason can be attested to this, however I believe that although we may be living in a post racial society or at least continuing to make strides towards one, geography was a major factor in her pleasant societal experience. It would be hard to fath om that even in the nineteen seventies and nineteen eighties that a women of light complexion could in the American South be married to a manShow MoreRelatedThe Color Of Water By James Mcbride Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pagesread the book, The Color of Water by James McBride. I learned several things about what life was like in the mid-1900’s and in which may be why we still face issues with racial differences. McBride does a great job of illustrating his internal and external challenges that he faces throughout his life. 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The people should be allowedRead MoreThe Rape Of Black Slave Women1620 Words   |  7 PagesColor consciousness also called ‘colorism’ is a phenomenon â€Å"in which persons of the same race discriminate against one another based on the lightness or darkness of one’s skin (Colorism - Skin Color and Intra-Racial Issues Among African-Americans).† The origin of color ism for Africans American does not begin not in ant ancient Africa or among the first black that were slaves, nor with the establishment of a slave community with American raised blacks. A white man invented colorism. White mastersRead MoreThe Brown v. Board of Education Court Case Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesThe Brown v. Board of Education Court Case served as a highlighted issue in black history. Brown v. Board help different races comes together in public schools. This case became very big 1950s lots of attention was drawn to the case at that time. News reporter and critics had different views and opinions about this case. This case in 1954 causes lots of issues and views towards the black race. The quote â€Å"separate but equal† is vital due to â€Å"Plessy v. Ferguson† and the famous lawyer Thurgood MarshallRead MoreSkin Differentiation Within The African American Community1516 Words   |  7 Pages Skin Differentiation Within the African American Community Ebony S. Jackson HIST 221: African American History before 1877 American Public University Loni Bramson Skin Differentiation Within the African American Community It seems like modern day African Americans are constantly haunted by their past. There are sayings that African Americans do not have a direct cultural connect to their initial West African roots. Different factors, which resulted from enslavement of AfricansRead MorePh and Osmosis1380 Words   |  6 Pagesosmosis is essentially explained as the flow of water from one area to another that are separated by a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of particles in the two locations (Lang, 1997). Osmosis is able to maintain osmotic pressure and regulate a cells volume. In a hypotonic () or hypertonic () environment, a cell may be liable to gain or lose water. Osmotic pressure is known as the amount of force needed to prevent the flow of water through a membrane. Osmotic pressure allowsRead MoreEssay on The Impact of the Civil Rights Movement883 Words   |  4 Pagesideals and equality for every American, regardless of race. Although the bill was unsuccessful in prevailing over the Senate filibuster in 1938, many American citizens began to ponder over the suggestion of civil rights (Anti-Lynching). The NAACP, without even knowing it, started a civil rights revolution. Very gradually, ideals containing civil rights spread to small towns all over America. The townspeople’s original views on race and color began to fade, while opinions of equality and liberty tookRead MoreColor of Water972 Words   |  4 PagesThe Color of Water: A Black Man s Tribute to His White Mother by James McBride Discussion questions Discuss Ruth McBride s refusal to reveal her past and how that influenced her children s sense of themselves and their place in the world. Why was she reluctant to tell her children about her background? How has your knowledge—or lack thereof—about your family background shaped your own self-image? Do you get a sense of life under the old Jewish traditions? How does that compare to theRead MoreMontage Of A Dream Deferred By Langston Hughes946 Words   |  4 Pagesexplain yourself. He begins to describe how he is the only black student in his class full of whites. The Jim Crow laws were laws that strictly enforced segregation between blacks and whites in the United States. Laws such as restricted parks, schools, water fountains, and bathrooms separated blacks from interacting with whites. These laws surprisingly lasted up until 1965. In a greatly acknowledged supreme court case, Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the supreme court had unanimously decided that theRead MoreEnvironmental Issues Of Environmental Justice1746 Words   |  7 Pagesa term coined in the United States that usually deals with two different things. One is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, impl ementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. The other is a mixed body of social science literature pertaining to anything from environmental laws to political ecology. Primarily based around the concept of injustices carried out

Landscape in the Classic Western Free Essays

The article â€Å"Landscape in the Western Classic text: Landscape in the Classic Hollywood Western† by Stanley Solomon focuses around the central claim that landscape is definitive to the film genre of Western, defining both plot and characterization. First, the severity of the barren landscape against which the plot of Western movies revolves suggests that the characters in the movie either have to be rugged or likely to fall prey to more rugged ones. Scarcely populated rural places allow for the clear-cut distinction between an honest group of citizens with local sheriff as their leader and a gang of immoral criminals. We will write a custom essay sample on Landscape in the Classic Western or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since the landscape is clear-cut and straightforward, so are the characters and their moral traits. The same is true for sharply delineated codes of behavior that have to be grasped by both criminals and good guys. The severe natural and human environments, in which the characters of the Western have to act, develop skills crucial to survival, including â€Å"competence in the face of danger, courage, determination, and endurance† (Solomon 1976). The threat in most cases comes not from nature that, for all its mercilessness, is fair and predictable in its threats, but from human villains. The struggle between moral and immoral characters is the cornerstone of the plot. A peculiar environment often tells a lot about the women’s role. Most of female characters, exactly like men, should possess strength of character and survival skills that are looked up to by men. At the same time, women bring a humanizing effect to movies, supporting the value of human life. Western movies often call for insights into the past of the character, in contrast to urban movies where the emphasis is on the throbbing present of the city life. A Western character arrives at the scene a mature man, shaped by his past experiences, that often involve some indelible tragedy. Understanding a character’s past is essential, although information of it is often presented as a mere hint. â€Å"The interrelationships of landscape, characterization, and the past† form the central focus of the Western genre (Solomon 1976). Bibliography Solomon, Stanley. Beyond Formula: American Film Genres. 1976.       How to cite Landscape in the Classic Western, Essay examples

Teaching Bilingual English free essay sample

A discussion on the challenges of teaching bilingual education which can also be phrased as the challenge of educating students with limited English proficiency. The following paper examines the complex task of teaching grammar and syntax and instilling an appreciation for nuance and vocabulary choice to children from less educationally privileged areas. This paper examines the programs developed by three different states Florida, Texas, and California to help educate students with limited English proficiency, looking at both the technical aspects of each program and the larger educational philosophy espoused by each bilingual program. States with large immigrant populations such as Florida, Texas and California have traditionally made substantial efforts to teach non-English-fluent students English so that these students can succeed in the United States, where a knowledge of English is necessary for many professions. Because the task of teaching English to immigrants or first-generation Americans is a complex one both linguistically and culturally, most states structure their programs to take a number of years. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Bilingual English or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Californias recent attempts to trim the time required to attain full fluency in English to one year is problematic within this context and seems likely to continued to be challenged, either by continued reworkings of Proposition 187 or by entirely new pieces of legislation.

India Women Essays - Marriage, Violence Against Women In India

India Women Silenced by their culture large populations of women in India tolerate abuse and subsequent death because they have provided insufficient dowry. In a culture that is male dominated women are raised to be servants to their husbands often arranged to marry a man that they have never met. Women that are beaten or just unhappy must suppress their feelings to keep their husbands blissful or face shame and be turned away by their own families. Indian womens household must pay a dowry for the privilege of marrying a man of status. The dowry often consists of money, merchandise, or gold that is displayed when the couple is married. Women are being mistreated for insufficient dowry money because the grooms family may be greedy and would like more items. If the brides family cannot provide more for the in-laws they will kill her so that he may keep the dowry he already had collected and then marries another that may possess more money or status. The original dowry is determined by the perceive d value of the husbands hand in marriage. If the husband is very desirable then he commands a very high dollar figure, if the offer of money is too low then the grooms family will not accept it because it is an insult. A woman held a PHD and married a man that was a shopkeeper with less education than she possessed. Her father provided a years worth of salary and many gifts. After the couple had been married six months, the in-laws requested a washing machine and other items that the brides family could not afford to give. They taunted the bride and eventually she was found hung from a ceiling fan. The groom was never convicted because he told the police she committed suicide, because she did not love him enough. Since the death took place in his home, they had no way of knowing if it was the truth. The woman was cut off from her relatives and had once asked her father to help her because she did not feel safe with her new husband. The father told her that she should give it time because he was not to intervene to early in the marriage, he wanted her to stay married at the time. (Mandelbaum p.1) Women in India marry within their own social caste which divides people into four major groups the Brahmin, kshatryia, vaishya, and the sudra with some of the lower people being called so the untouchables. The untouchables are called so dirty that even a glass that they have drunk from cleaned, will always be contaminated. Female babies are viewed as a burden to the father, that he must work and save to marry her off and males are always preferred. The birth of a girl is mourned in most families, which contributes to female infanticide in India today. (India dowry p67) The marriages that take place are all arranged and can take place even as children, teenagers, and twenty-year-old businessmen and women that has to yield to the practice in society. Women that do choose their own mates are not exempt from the dowry and often face anger from their parents or being disowned. Parents will often look for the most suitable mate for tier daughter in classified ads, Internet, or marriage bro kers with out prior knowledge each other the bride and groom are married if the dowry is in agreement on both sides. In Hindu laws of Manu a woman is joined to her husband and has to suffer with him and act with tolerance, this religion believes that women are the cause if a marriage fails and that men are absolved from their own actions. If there is any unhappiness in the home of an Indian woman, they look at her as the cause even if the husband is in some cases beating, taunting and allowing his friends to gang rape her. These women have no choice but to stay in inhumane situations because they were raised in a culture that does not give them many rights and teaches them from an early age to be a servant. If an Indian woman needs help there are few places

The Day My Dad Didnt Make it Home from Work - by Marianne Worley, Business Writing Consultant at The Essay Expert

The Day My Dad Didnt Make it Home from Work - by Marianne Worley, Business Writing Consultant at The Essay Expert [Reposted with the permission of the very talented business/marketing writer Marianne Worley, consultant at The Essay Expert. This poignant story was originally posted on her blog, Marketing Matters and Other Stories. I didnt even have to think before asking her if I could post it to The Essay Experts blog on Memorial Day.] The day was Monday, April 21, 2008. My phone rang just after 9pm. I checked the caller ID–it was my brother Nolan. Instinctively, I knew something was wrong, very wrong. My Dad had been in an accident and was being taken to a hospital about 20 miles north of my house. We didn’t know anything more. I quickly got dressed, jumped in my car, and hit the gas pedal. About 5 minutes later, my brother called again. Now Dad was being transported by helicopter to the much larger hospital just a few miles from my house. I got off the freeway and drove back the other way. My brother, sister-in-law, and I arrived at the hospital around the same time. The helicopter was still in flight, so we staked out seats in the busy emergency room to wait, still perplexed about what had happened to our Dad. After my stepmom and sister rushed in, we learned the whole story. My Dad usually came home from work around 5 or 6, so when it started to get dark and he still wasn’t home, my stepmom picked up the phone to make some increasingly frantic calls. My Dad was notorious for sporadically answering cell calls. As a contractor, he was constantly breaking and losing mobile phones. She wasn’t surprised when he didn’t answer, so she dialed his friends and clients. He had left the job site hours earlier, but no one knew where he was. My stepmom and sister decided to drive to the job site to look for him. They found his empty work truck on the side of the road with the driver’s side door open. They called 911 and nearby friends who could help with the search. There was a small creek parallel to the road with a steep bank covered in thick, muddy vegetation. My athletic sister charged down the hill and found him lying unconscious in the creek, pale and covered with dirt. The paramedics pulled him up on a rescue stretcher and loaded him into the helicopter. This process doesn’t take a few minutes, like it does on TV and in the movies. The rescue actually took more than an hour. The helicopter finally arrived, but still we knew nothing about his condition. We assumed it was a stroke, or something similar. When they finally let us in to see him, we discovered that he had suffered some sort of episode, possibly a seizure, and was experiencing pronounced weakness on one side of his body. It looked like a stroke, but he was stable. So they admitted him and scheduled an MRI for the next morning. The following day, the doctors confirmed that the MRI results showed that it looked like a stroke. We felt relieved. We knew a brain tumor would be a much more deadly diagnosis. But they still wanted to get a new MRI, with contrast, the next day to be sure. On Wednesday, April 23, 2008, our lives changed forever. The new MRI showed that it wasn’t a stroke–it was a brain tumor. They called in a neurosurgeon for a consultation. My education in neurology commenced that day. I carried a notebook at all times. I scribbled down details from the doctors during the day and did online research at night. Over the next 7 months, my Dad had a biopsy and was diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme, the most aggressive form of brain cancer. Our doctor decided to treat with radiation and chemotherapy, not surgery. I knew that without surgery, the 6-month survival rate was almost zero. When I pressed him, he said he could do the surgery if we got a second opinion from one of the neurosurgeons he recommended. After many phone calls, I got an appointment with one of the top experts in the country at Cedars-Sinai in Los Angeles. The neurosurgeon just needed to see my Dad’s (now enormous) medical file, along with all of his MRI results. We got his opinion, and my Dad had surgery to remove the tumor. Although the surgery was successful, he still needed radiation and chemo to stave off regrowth, which is incredibly common. I researched clinical trials and spoke to doctors at UCLA and UC San Francisco. My Dad didn’t qualify for any trials and his prognosis was grave. By September, the tumor was back, bigger than before. We tried some experimental chemo drugs, but nothing helped. My Dad wasted away before our eyes, until we finally called in hospice care in November. On December 3rd, the hospice nurse told us that the end was near, so we gathered together to say goodbye. We stayed up pretty late, but finally succumbed to our own fatigue and reluctantly went to bed. Just before 4:30am, I awoke suddenly and sat bolt upright. I went downstairs and the nurse told me she had just checked on my Dad–he was still hanging in there. When I went to his bedside, I touched his hands and face. I didn’t think he was breathing, so I woke up my stepmom, who had decided to take a quick nap just minutes before. He was gone. We all gathered around his bed and cried again. A week or so later, my sister Whitney and I, always the Daddy’s-Little-Girl types, decided to get tattoos to celebrate our Dad’s life. She got an elegant â€Å"W† and I got an infinity sign with a â€Å"W† in the middle. Worley forever. My Dad was never called to battle in Vietnam, but that doesn’t mean he didn’t fight a war. So on this Memorial Day, I remember all who have fallen in war, including the continuing war on cancer. ____________________ I haven’t met anyone who hasn’t been touched in some way by cancer. The next time you’re thinking about making a cash donation to a charity, please consider one of the organizations in the fight against cancer, including the American Brain Tumor Association. Thanks for reading this very personal story. I’m sharing it because it shaped who I am today. Many thanks to my fellow blogger The JackB–his post from yesterday inspired me to write this. I haven’t met anyone who hasn’t been touched in some way by cancer. The next time you’re thinking about making a cash donation to a charity, please consider one of the organizations in the fight against cancer, including the American Brain Tumor Association. Category:UncategorizedBy Brenda BernsteinMay 31, 2011 8 Comments Nancy Anderson says: May 31, 2011 at 12:50 pm What a beautiful story. I too lost my dad to cancer and as I read your words, I could feel myself going through the same feelings, thoughts and anguish. God bless your father and your family. Thank you for sharing your story with us. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: May 31, 2011 at 1:55 pm Youre very welcome Nancy. This was Mariannes story. My father died 14 years ago after a week-long battle with pneumonia, so Mariannes piece spoke loudly to me. Im so glad it is being appreciated. Log in to Reply Alejandra Leiva says: October 6, 2016 at 10:43 am Hi The Essay Expert, I was wondering how I can submit a question about some words. Here I have one: Do we stand in the snow or on the snow? Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: October 6, 2016 at 11:12 am Hi Alejandra! If you are standing on top of the snow, in snow shoes or skis for instance, you would be standing on the snow. If you are waist-deep in snow you would be standing in the snow. Or if you are in a snowstorm you would be in the snow. I hope that helps! Log in to Reply Alejandra Leiva says: October 6, 2016 at 4:27 pm Awesome that helps a lot! Could you help me with another question? Which of these is correct? Or what do they mean? count with me count on me Brenda Bernstein says: October 22, 2016 at 6:54 am Count on me means you can rely on me. Count with me would mean something like count to 10 with me! The Essay Expert says: May 31, 2011 at 1:55 pm So true Pedro. Even a week-long battle, like the one my father fought, is a battle indeed. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: May 31, 2011 at 4:40 pm Thank you Jan. Its amazing how many this disease has touched. My heart goes out to you. Log in to Reply

Has Kuwait Prospered with Western Relations Essay

Has Kuwait Prospered with Western Relations - Essay Example Surrounded by warring neighbors Kuwait is well noted for its wealth and stability (Crystal). Long time a bulwark for the West and the United States against many of the more radical regimes of the day, the United States had very close ties both politically and economically with the affluent rulers in Kuwait (Sharp). It was by using these relations to first put themselves into a position of prosperity, then reclaim their nation from Iraq, followed by the remarkable accomplishment of not only rebuilding but improving their position in the world society, that Kuwait managed to remain intact. Working with the vast resources of the West, the clever rulers of Kuwait have turned tragedy into fortune. By first examining the state of the Kuwaiti – United States/Western relations before the Gulf War and then researching the effects that the war itself had on the country, followed by the method that the Kuwaitis have used these results to its advantage to recover, we will answer the question: Is Kuwait better off because of Western Relations? This paper will seek to prove if indeed sometimes war can be good for a country and that if in the long term, security and economic concerns, for both countries, were and continue to be to this day, the driving factor behind the United States – Kuwaiti relations. ... , security and economic concerns, for both countries, were and continue to be to this day, the driving factor behind the United States – Kuwaiti relations. The country of Kuwait Kuwait, in a region prone to chaos and unrest is a remarkable example of exactly the opposite. Founded in the eighteenth century, with aid from the British, Kuwait has been ruled continuously by one family, the Sabah clan (Crystal). This style of government has produced a positive and growing economy which easily transitioned to the oil industry with the discovery of large reserves within the country’s borders Continuing after the death of ruler Mubarak the Great, the Sabah family has accomplished a rare feat in holding power and satisfying their population. This has been made substantially easier by the amount of foreign interest money that is consistently pumped in their economy (Bennet). United States foreign policy has long focused on offering assistance and influence in the Middle East in a reas that would help produce stability for the United States National Interests (Sharp). Long a top priority, the oil Fields of Kuwait were among the first assets protected by the United States under their defense agreement with the Sabah rulers. Although terrorism in the Kuwaiti area has remained low, the continued threat made by various terrorist organizations, both in the past and today made it imperative that workable defense treaties exist. By allowing other countries to provide a major portion of the defensive forces in the country, Kuwait was able to focus their wealth and influence on other issues. It was the aggression of Saddam and Iraq that tipped the balance of power in the region to one that required a response by the western powers (Hassan). The actions caused by the overreaching

Project Evaluation and Review Technique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Evaluation and Review Technique - Essay Example PERT analysis first identify the three risk scenarios i.e. Most optimistic that is fewer risks will occur, Most likely which is weighted average of the all the risks and most pessimistic which is the estimation that the many risks will occur during the project life time. PERT than take three risks into account and calculate the single most accurate estimate of risk. The most important advantage of PERT include that PERT allow the project managers to do the detailed planning which is considered as the backbone of the project management. Further once detailed planning is done, it forces management to plan and make commitment and devise plans to follow them. (http://www.zetamuhendislik.com, 2008). Further to this, PERT estimates allow to account for the uncertaintiy into project management however its most important disadvantages incldue the fact that it is time and labor intensive apart from the fact that it is used for usually large and complex projects with huge magnitude requiring extra ordinary resources. PERT is also a techniqu where assumptions made are considered little over ambitious as it lacks the functional ownership of the estimates. The problem with the task estimation is because of the fact that the objectives as in fast changing external

Assessing Pain in in Post Operative Breast Cancer Patients

Assessing Pain in in Post Operative Breast Cancer Patients Comparison between Brief  Pain  Inventory (BPI) and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for post-operative pain assessment in Saudi Arabian  breast cancer patients. Questions Does  BPI assess  post-operative breast cancer pain  more  accurately than NRS? Summary: Effective pain assessment is one of the  fundamental  criteria  of the  management of  pain. It involves  the  evaluation of pain intensity, location of the pain and response to treatment. There are  a  number  of multi and one-dimensional assessment tools  that  have already been established to assess cancer pain. Among these  are the  Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and  the  Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Breast cancer is  a growing public  concern in Saudi Arabia  as rates continue to escalate, with patients  also  suffering multiple problems after surgery. Therefore, my research aim is to  conduct a  comparative study  of tools  used to  assess post-operative breast cancer pain  in  Saudi Arabian  patients  and determine which is the most effective. In this process I will use questionnaires for both nurses and patients to collect data,  followed by statistical analysis and  a  comparative  study between  the  BPI and NRS. Research Hypothesis: BPI assesses  post-operative breast cancer pain  in Saudi Arabian  patients  more  accurately than NRS.   Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference between BPI and NRS  as tools for  assessing post-operative breast cancer pain  in  Saudi Arabian  patients Background: Pain is defined as  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœthe normal, predicted physiological response to an adverse chemical, thermal or mechanical stimulus related with surgery, trauma or acute illness’ (Carr and Goudas, 1999).  Pain assessment is a crucial component for the effective management of post-operative pain in relation to breast cancer. The patient’s report is the main  resource  of information  regarding the  characterisation and evaluation of pain; as such, assessment is  the ‘dynamic method of explanation of the syndrome of the pain, patho-physiology and  the basis for  designing a protocol for its management’  (Yomiya, 2011). A recent survey  questioned almost 900 physicians  897 and found  that  76% reported substandard  pain assessment  procedures  as the single most important barrier  to  suitable  pain management (Roenn  et al, 1993). Breast cancer is characterized by  a  lump or thickening in  the  breast, discharge or bleeding,  a  change in colour of  the  areola, redness or pitting of skin  and a  marble like area under  the  skin (WebMD, 2014[A1]). Breast cancer  has a high prevalence rate globally and is the second most diagnosed cancer in women. Approximately  1.7 million cases were reported in 2012  alone  (WCRFI, 2014). In 2014,  just over  15,000  women  have  already  been  diagnosed with breast cancer: this figure is predicted to rise to around 17,200 in 2020 Breast cancer  has also been identified  as one of the major cancer related problems in Saudi Arabia, with 6,922 women were  assessed[A2]  for breast cancer between 2001-2008 (Alghamdi,  2013[A3]). D  Pain assessment tools Polit  et al  (2006) conducted  a systematic review of the evidence base  and  recorded a total of  80 different assessment tools that  contained  at least one pain item. The  tools were then  categorised into pain tools  (n=48)  and general symptoms tools  (n=32) . They were then  separated into uni-dimensional  tools  (which measure the pain intensity)  and multi-dimensional tools  (include more than one pain dimension). 33%  of all pain tools  (n=16) were uni-dimensional, and  50% of all  general symptom tools  (n=16)were uni-dimensional. 58% of the uni-dimensional tools  employed  single  item scales such as  the  Visual  Analogue  Scale (VAS), Verbal Rating Scales (VRS)  and NRS (Numerical  Rating  Scale). The most common dimension  included  was pain intensity, present in 60% of  tools. In  the assessed tools, 60% assessed pain  in a  multi-dimensional  format. Among  pain tools,  67% were found   to be  multi-dimensional  compared with 50% of the general symptom tools.  38% of all multi-dimensional tools were two-dimensional.  The most  commonly used  dimension was  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœintensity’,  present  in 75% of  all  multi-dimensional tools. Other common  dimensions  include  interference, location  and beliefs. All the dimensions were specifically targeted by two particular tools which were disease-specific tools and tools that measure pains affect, beliefs, and coping-related  issues[A4]. Multidimensional Pain assessment tools: F  The  adequate measurement of pain  requires  more than one tool. Melzack and Casey (1968)  highlight that  pain assessment  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœshould include three dimensions which are sensory-discriminative, motivational-affective and cognitive-evaluative’.  This builds on the  earlier  proposal of  Beecher (1959)  who considered that all tools should include the  two dimensions  of  pain and reaction to pain. Cleeland (1989)  considered that  the  two dimensions  should be classified  as sensory and reactive. Sensory dimensions  should record  the intensity or severity  of pain  and the reactive dimensions should include accurate measures of interference  in the  daily function  of the patient.   Multi-dimensional pain assessments generally consist of  six  dimensions: physiologic, sensory, affective, cognitive, behavioural and sociocultural (McGuire, 1992). Cleeland (1989)  interviewed patients and  found  that  seven items could effectively measure the intensity and effects of the pain in daily activities: these  comprise  of  general activity, walking, work, mood, enjoyment of life, relations with others and sleep. These elements were later subdivided  into two groups: ‘REM’  (relations with others, enjoyment of life and mood) and  Ã¢â‚¬ËœWAW’  (walking, general activity and work). Later, Cleeland  et al  (1996) developed  the  Brief  Pain  Inventory (BPI) in both  its  short and long form.  It was designed  to capture two  categories  of interference such as  activity and affect on  emotions.  The  BPI provides  a relatively  quick and easy method  of measuring  the  intensity  of pa in  and the  level of  interference  in the  daily activities of the  sufferer. With the BPI  tool, patients are graded  on  a 0-10 and it  was  specifically  designed  for the  assessment of  cancer related pain. Patients  are  asked  about the intensity of the pain that they are experiencing at present, as well as the pain intensity over  the last 24 hours as  the  worst, least  or  average  pain (also  on a scale of 0-10). Each  scale is bound  by the words ‘no pain’  (0) and  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœpain as bad as you can imagine’  (10). Patients are also  requested  to rate the degree to which pain interferes  with their  daily activities within the seven  domains  on a scale of 0-10.  that comprise general activity, walking, mood, sleep, work, relations with other persons, and enjoyment of life using similar scales of 0 to  10[A5]. These scales are only confined by the words ‘does not interfere’ and ‘interferes  completely[A6]’ (Tan  et al, 2004).  Validation of BPI across the world among the different language people has already been justified.  [A7]Additionally, the localization of the pain in the body  could be  [A8]assessed and details of current medication are assessed (Caraceni  et al, 1996). Uni-dimensional pain assessment tool:   Previous studies  have  shown  that  the  Numerical  Rating  Scale (NRS) had the power to assess pain intensity for patients  experiencing chronic pain and was also an effective assessment tool for patients with cancer related pain. The  NRS consists of a numerical scale range between 0-100 where 0 was considered as one extreme point represented no pain and 100 was considered other extreme point which represented bad/ worse pain  (Jensen et al, 1986). Turk  et al  (1993) developed  an  11 point  NRS (scale 0-10) where 0 equalled  no pain and 10  equalled  worst pain. Though cancer pain differs from acute, postoperative and chronic  pain experiences, the most common feature is its subjective nature. [A9]  In this regard a consensus meeting on cancer pain assessment and classification was held in Italy in 2009  with the  recommendation that  pain intensity should be measured  on a  scale  of  0-10 with  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœno pain’à ‚  and  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœpain as bad as you can  imagine[A10]’  (Hjermstad  et al.,  2011). Krebs  et al.  (2007) categorised NRS scores as mild (1–3), moderate (4–6), or severe (7–10). A rating of  4 or 5  is  the most commonly recommended lower limit  for moderate pain and 7 or 8 for severe pain. Aimed at moderate pain assessment,  For the purpose of clinical and administrative use the  recommendation for moderate pain assessment on the scale is a score of 4. Importance of post- operative pain assessment: Post-operative pains  is  very common after surgery  and  the  use of  medication  often  depends  on the intensity of pain  that the patient is experiencing  (Chung  et al, 1997). Insufficient assessment of post-operative pain  can have a  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœsignificant detrimental  effect on raised levels of anxiety, sleep disturbance, restlessness, irritability, aggression, distress and suffering’  (Carr  et al,  2005). Additional  physiological  effects can include  increased  blood pressure, vomiting and paralytic ileus, increased adrenaline production, sleep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolus (Macintyre and Ready, 2002). Effective post-operative pain assessment ensures better pain management  and can significantly reduce the risk of the symptoms listed above, giving minimal distress or suffering  to patients  and reducing  potential complications (Machintosh, 2007). References: Alghamdi IG, Hussain II, Alhamdi MS, El-Sheemy MA (2013) Arabia: an observational descriptive epidemiological analysis of data from Saudi Cancer Registry 2001-2008. Dovepress. Breast cancer: Targets and therapy; 5: 103-109. Caraceni A, Mendoza TR, Mencaglia E (1996) A validation study of an Italian version of the Brief Pain Inventory (Breve Questionario per la Valutazione del Dolore). Pain; 65: 87-92. Carr D and Goudas L. C. (1999) Acute pain. Lancet 353, 2051-2058. Carr EC, Thomas NV, Wilson-Barnet J (2005) Patient experiences of anxiety, depression and acute pain after surgery: a longitudinal perspective. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 42(5): 521-530. Chung F, Ritchie E, Su J (1997) Postoperative pain in ambulatory surgery. Anaesthesia and Analgesia 85: 808-816.   Cleeland CS (1989) Measurement of pain by subjective report. Issues in pain measurement. New York: Raven Press; pp. 391-403. Cleeland CS, Nakamura Y, Mendoza TR, Edwards KR, Douglas J, Serlin RC (1996) Dimensions of the impact of cancer pain in a four country sample: new information from multidimensional scaling. Pain 67 (2-3): 267-273. Hjermstad MJ, Fayers PM, Haugen DF, Caraceni A, Hanks GW, Loge JH, Fainsinger R, Aass N, Kaasa S (2011) Studies comparing numerical rating scale, verbal rating scale and visual analogue scales for assessment of pain intensity in adults: a systematic literature review. Journal of pain and symptom management. 41 (6): 1073-1093. Jensen MP, Karoly P, Braver S (1986) The measurement of clinical pain intensity: a comparison of six methods. Pain 27: 117-126. Krebs EE, Carey TS, Weinberger M (2007) Accuracy of the pain numeric rating scale as a screening test in primary care. Journal of general medicine. 22(10): 1453-1458. Machintosh C (2007) Assessment and management of patients with post-operative pain. Nursing Standard. 22 (5): 49-55. Macintyre PE, Ready LB (2002) Acute pain management. Second edition, WB Saunders, Edinburgh. McGuire DB (1992) Comprehensive and multidimensional assessment and measurement of pain. Journal of pain and symptom management; 7(5): 312-319. Melzack R and Casey KL (1968) Sensory, motivational and central control determinants of pain: a new conceptual model. In: Kenshalo DR, editor. The skin senses proceedings. Springfield IL: Thomas; pp. 423-439. National Breast Cancer Foundation (NBCF): 2014;  http://www.nbcf.org.au/Research/About-Breast-Cancer.aspx Polit JCHC, Hjermstad MJ, Loge JH, Fayers PM, Caraceni A, Conno FD, Forbes K, Furst CJ, Radbruch L, Kaasa S (2006) Pain assessment tools: Is the content appropriate for use in palliative care? Journal of pain and symptom management, 32 (6): 567-580. Roenn JHV, Cleeland CS, Gonin R, Hatfield AK, Pandya KJ (1993) Physician attitudes and practice in cancer pain management. A survey from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Annals of Internal Medicine, 119(2): 121-126. Tan G, Jensen MP, Thornby JI, Shanti BF (2004) Validation of the brief pain inventory for chronic non-malignant pain. The Journal of Pain. 5(2): 133-137. Turk DC, Rudy TE, Sorkin BA (1993) Neglected topics in chronic pain treatment outcome studies: determination of success. Pain (53):3–16. WebMD (2014)  http://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/guide/overview-breast-cancer. World cancer research fund international (WCRFI): 2014;  http://www.wcrf.org/cancer_statistics/data_specific_cancers/breast_cancer_statistics.php. Youmiya K (2011) Cancer pain assessment. The Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology. 60(9): 1046-1052. [A1]I would consider using a more reputable source for describing medical symptoms themselves (Grey’s Anatomy, WHO guidelines etc) [A2]and treated? [A3]Is it worth commenting that breast cancer reporting rates in SA might be different from actual prevalence? Lack of awareness regarding certain cancers often results in late diagnosis or misdiagnosis. [A4]This sentence is unclear. I am assuming that you are stating that all dimensions are present in two particular tools? [A5]I’ve deleted this as you have highlighted the same domains in the previous paragraph and the reader will already be familiar with this term. [A6]Sentence shows up on copyscape / turnitin but it’s fine as a directly referenced quote. [A7]Is this sentence stating that the BPIs valid internationally because it has been adjusted culturally / linguistically for all groups? [A8]Are you making a suggestion that it could be assessed, or stating that sometimes people do assess localised pain in the body? [A9]Deleted as the next sentence deals with this already. [A10]Again shows up in turnitin: any quotes must be in inverted commas so that tutors / markers will not downgrade or suspect plagiarism.

Executive Privilege

Executive Privilege| | | | Virginia Commonwealth University November 14, 2012| | In the past, the power of executive privilege has been used by Presidents to conceal information that has to do with foreign affairs and negotiations, military, national security issues as well as deliberations and policy making that is done between the President and his top aides. This power is only used when Congress asks the President or one of his top aides to produce all of the information pertaining to an event or situation.If the President then feels that parts of this information needs to be kept secret to protect the best interest of the public, or the other issues listed previously, then he will use executive privilege in order to not give that information to Congress. A huge part of executive privilege is to protect the deliberations and advice given by the President’s aides. When the President’s advisors give him advice, they need to be able to give him the best advice possible and if there is a chance that everything they said could be made public.For instance if the President and advisors are discussing what needs to be done in relation to a foreign power and one suggests to nuke them, one suggests a covert attack and one suggests a peaceful resolution. If the final decision is a peaceful resolution, and Congress asks for all of the information on the subject, then the President should use executive privilege to keep those other possible outcomes from going public, both to keep the public from getting out of control or uneasy and to keep the other country from finding out the other options and retaliating.This power ensures that the President’s advisors can be completely honest and say what needs to be said without being worried about their words being taken the wrong way or too harsh or hurt their image. A big argument for those against executive privilege is that there is nothing in the constitution about it even though there is something about Congress keeping secrets.Article I states that â€Å"Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy† (US Constitution, Article 1 Section 5). Their argument is that the Constitution states that each House can withhold information that they think should be kept secret and there is nothing about secrecy when it comes to the President’s powers, however just because the words are not explicitly in the constitution does not mean that this power was not intended for the President.Even our founding fathers appreciated the importance of executive privilege and that is highlighted by this passage taken from The Works of Alexander Hamilton. In 1794, the Senate asked President George Washington, â€Å"‘to lay before the Senate the correspondences which have been had between the Minister of the United States at the Republic of France, and said Republic, and between said Minister and the office of Secretary of State. † Washington consulted his cabinet members, Henry Knox, Alexander Hamilton, and Edmund Randolph.Alexander Hamilton later wrote: General Knox is of the opinion that no part of the correspondences should be sent to the Senate; Colonel Hamilton is of the opinion that the correct mode of proceeding is to do what General Knox advises; but the principle is safe, by excepting such parts as the President may choose to withhold; Mr. Randolph is of the opinion that all correspondence proper, from its nature, to be communicated to the Senate, should be sent; but that what the President thinks is improper, should not be sent.Washington later told the Senate â€Å"After an examination of [the correspondence], I directed copies and translations to be made; except in those particulars, which, in my judgment, for public considerations, ought not to be communicated. † (Hamilton 1851) Three of these men signed the constitution and contribut ed a great deal towards it and they clearly believe that it is the President’s right to withhold information that he deems unfit to be made public. When it comes to foreign affairs it is very important that the President has the ability to use executive privilege.For instance, if the United States was making a treaty with another country, both countries may have to give things up in order to come to an agreement, and everything considered by both sides as well as everything agreed upon should not be made public for everyone, including other countries to see. This is best stated in 1796 by George Washington after the House of Representatives requested that he give them information concerning his instructions to the United States Minister to Britain regarding the treaty negotiations between the United States and Britain.Washington replied by saying: The nature of foreign negotiations requires caution, and their success must often depend on secrecy; and even when brought to a co nclusion a full disclosure of all the measures, demands, or eventual concessions which may have been proposed or contemplated would be extremely impolitic; for this might have a pernicious influence on future negotiations, or produce immediate inconveniences, perhaps danger and mischief, in relation to other powers.The necessity of such caution and secrecy was one cogent reason for vesting the power of making treaties in the President†¦the boundaries fixed by the Constitution between the different departments should be preserved, a just regard to the Constitution and to the duty of my office.. , forbids a compliance with your request. † (Richardson 1897) As Washington states, we cannot simply make every detail public because other countries may retaliate and they will also be less likely to deal with the United States in the future. However, by invoking executive privilege the President can protect that information from causing such havoc.As he stated, it is not only the President’s right to use executive privilege, but it is his duty to use it in situations that require secrecy. Without a doubt executive privilege can have its usefulness, but it should only be invoked in certain, specific situations. In our recent history this has not been the case, some of our Presidents have tried to abuse the power of executive privilege, giving it a bad name and encouraging people to believe it should be done away with. When President Richard Nixon was in office, the Watergate scandal surfaced and Congress asked him to produce all of the information he and his aides had on the case.In an attempt to conceal what had been done as well as to protect everyone from punishment, President Nixon tried to use executive privilege. This case was brought to the United States Supreme Court because the executive privilege was being used to protect one of Nixon’s advisors from criminal prosecution, thus obstructing justice. This was by far an abuse of executive privilege and leads many to want it gotten rid of, however just because a power can be abused does not mean that its use should stop; it just means that restrictions need to be put in to place.This is highlighted by the ruling of the Supreme Court. The Court acknowledged the need for the President to used executive privilege, but determined that in cases of inquiry into possible criminal actions, the Executive has to release relating information. If we want to curb the abuse of executive privilege, we need to put guidelines into place, because without them, the meaning of executive privilege is at the discretion of the President until checked by other branches. President Nixon was neither the first nor last President to abuse this power (United States v Nixon 1974).President Bill Clinton also tried to invoke executive privilege in a very wrong way as well. Clinton tried to use executive privilege to prevent his advisors from testifying on whether he had sexual relations with Monica Lewinski or not. However, this claim of executive privilege was shot down, rightfully so (Baker 2012). These instances of abuse may lead some to think it is just a better option to not have executive privilege, but as long as barriers and restrictions can be put into place on it to prevent this from happening in the future, this power needs to stay around.This comes with some exceptions; this power should only be used when the President truly believes that if this information were to get out it would either be damaging to the public or in the best interest of the public to not find out. This power should also be used in situations where the President needs to protect national security intelligence and other matters as well as being used to protect military secrets, operations and intelligence.Lastly, this power should be used in situations where the United States is dealing with a foreign power, whether it is a treaty, a negotiation, a meeting or anything else containing sensitive m aterial that either the United States or the foreign power needs to be kept secret. This brings up another argument against executive privilege. Some feel that this power should be done away with because Congress does not have the power of checks and balances over executive privilege; however that is not the case.If the President is refusing to give Congress the information that they are asking for, they can decide to stop funding things that the President is trying to do. They can also hold people in contempt of Congress, which was done as recently as this year in the Fast and Furious case where Congress demanded that Attorney General Eric Holder give them all the information on this case. President Obama stepped in and claimed executive privilege, however in a response to this, Congress moved, then voted to hold Holder in contempt of Congress unless he hands over the information (Silverleib 2012).Another thing Congress can do if the President continues to refuse to cooperate is to impeach him. This would obviously be only done in serious situations, but would work either to get their message across or to show future Presidents that they cannot just invoke executive privilege without consequence. On top of this, the courts can rule on cases where the President tries to use executive privilege like they did in the case with President Nixon.Articles II of the Constitution states that the President â€Å"shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient† (US Constitution Article II Section 3) As the Constitution says, the President does need to inform Congress on the State of the Union from time to time, however it does not say anywhere that the President is required to divulge all the information having to do with certain incidents.Between Article I and Article II, others take this to mean that Congress has an unlimited power of inquiry, but in reality that is not the case. This fact has been ruled on multiple times by different courts, where usually they determine that either the President does not have to give up the information, or that the President has to give up certain aspects of that information based on other laws. It is also Congress’s right and duty to challenge the President when he uses executive privilege, in order to make sure that the power is not being abused, which is the exact reason for having separate branches and a balance of power.If it wasn’t for executive privilege, other countries might be less inclined to deal with the United States because they fear that every detail could go public. Along the same lines the president’s advisors can’t give their best advice if they have to worry that anything they say could be made public. Military secrets and intelligence also needs to be protected to better ensure our troops safety as well as protect our country and citizens from retaliation after an exposed military operation. There is also information that needs to remain secret because it is in the best interest of the public to not find out.Lastly and most importantly, if it wasn’t for executive privilege, national security and military intelligence matters could be made public, exposing our informants and jeopardizing our national security. In order to keep this power alive and protect sensitive information, the United States needs to add guidelines or an amendment that properly codifies executive privilege to prevent its abuse. Once this is done, in theory, there would not be any more issues of whether power can or cannot be used.Everything would be stated to say that the President can only use executive privilege in the situations previously stated and any other instance where executive privilege is claimed would be thrown out. Executive privilege helps to protect our citizens, our national security and our good standing and abili ty to negotiate with other countries. If we were not able to guarantee that level of secrecy it would be nearly impossible to conduct policy making, decision making, foreign negotiations, treaties, as well as threaten the United States and their citizens’ safety.References Baker, Peter, and Susan Schmidt. â€Å"Washingtonpost. com Special Report: Clinton Accused. † Washington Post: Breaking News, World, US, DC News & Analysis. N. p. , 6 May 1998. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/starr050698. Hamilton, Alexander, and John C. Hamilton. The works of Alexander Hamilton comprising his correspondence, and his political and official writings, exclusive of the Federalist, civil and military. New York: J. F. Trow, 1851.Print. Richardson, James D.. A compilation of the messages and papers of the presidents. New York: Bureau of national literature, 1897. Print. Silverleib, Alan. â€Å"House holds Holder in contempt  œ CNN. com. † CNN. com – Breaking News, U. S. , World, Weather, Entertainment & Video News. N. p. , 29 May 2012. Web. 5 Nov. 2012. http://www. cnn. com/2012/06/28/politics/holder-contempt/index. html. United States v. Nixon, 418 U. S. 683 (1974) (Justice Burger Opinion of the Court) United States Constitution, 1789

In the News: Pricing of Milk

This year so far milk sales have decreased and dairy farmers are stuck with large amounts of inventory that they can't do anything with. This called for them to lower the price of the milk to under three dollars a gallon in hopes that people would buy more milk. The content of this article is relevant to the class because it covers supply and demand. In addition to this it also covers business strategy. Ultimately dairy farmers were making a lot more money in 2014 because there was a very high demand for milk.When milk ales decreased the dairy farmers were left with inventory that they could not do anything with. At this point they had to make a decision to try to save some of the inventory they had left over. In regards to food products It's a little different compared to items that do not have a sell by date. Milk expires after a certain day and it can no longer be sold. For this reason the dairy farmers and retailers were forced to cut costs to try and get more people to but more milk. This could ultimately fix their overstock problem.By lowering he cost they were hoping that people would buy more milk. If people purchase more milk it can potentially help them get rid of left over inventory. This can also be bad for dairy producers because it they are losing money on every gallon of milk they sell. If they purchased more heavy machinery and hired more workers they may have to lay people off due to plummeting costs.

Jean Piaget And Vygotsky And Language Development In Children

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are two influential thinkers who have impacted the speech and language pathology field with their key theories. Piaget believed that there are four main stages in a child’s development that lead to a child learning language. Without these stages, Piaget argues that a child cannot cognitively grow at an appropriate pace (Kaderavek, 2105, p. 18 and p. 23). However, Vygotsky argues the Social Interactionist Theory, which states children develop language through social interacting with adults who are linguistically knowledgeable and the influence of the Zone of Proximal Development (Kaderavek, 2105, p. 18 and p. 23). With including these theories from Piaget and Vygotsky, this paper will explore how both of these†¦show more content†¦At this stage is when their mental lexicon expands, creating more complex sentences and holding conversations with their peers and other adults (Kaderavek, 2105, p. 18). Concrete operations is the next stage foll owing preoperational. This stage is developed between ages of seven to eleven where children begin the process of becoming logical thinkers, categorize objects and thoughts, and organize information (Kaderavek, 2015, p. 18). Lastly, the formal operation stage, from ages eleven to fifteen, is when children learn to be abstract thinkers by creating and testing hypotheses (Kaderavek, 2015, p. 18). Without these four important stages, Piaget believed that a child could not develop language accurately and in the future could develop a language disorder. Following next to Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, a developmental psychologist, believed that language â€Å"development does not proceed toward socialization, but toward the conversion of social relations into mental functions† (Dimitriadis and Kamberelis, 2006, p. 192). With this thought, Vygotsky developed the Social Interactionist Theory along with the Zone of Proximal Development. Since his theory emphasized children socially interact ing with adults and linguistically knowledgeable peers, Vygotsky perceives children’s language skills to develop at a higher rate due to their social interactions, which influences their cognitive abilities through success and failure. (Kaderavek, 2015, p.Show MoreRelatedVygotsky And Vygotsky Theories Of Learning1257 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of learning In this essay, I will compare and contrast jean Piaget and lev Vygotsky theories of learning. First, I will discuss Piaget followed by Vygotsky then I will compare and contrast both theorists. Jean Piaget was a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher, he is known for his contribution to a theory of cognitive development. Piaget became interested in the reasons why children gave the wrong answers to questions that required logical thinking. 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